ПРЯМІ ІНОЗЕМНІ ІНВЕСТИЦІЇ КРАЇН ЄС ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ШВИДКОГО ЗРОСТАННЯ ЕКОНОМІКИ КИТАЮ: БЕЗПЕКОВІ РИЗИКИ
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Анотація
Метою дослідження є обґрунтування ролі прямих іноземних інвестицій (ПІІ) з країн Європейського Союзу як фінансового інструмента, що підтримує швидке економічне зростання Китаю, з одночасним акцентом на безпекових наслідках таких інвестицій для Європи та глобальної економічної системи. Актуальність дослідження посилюється зростанням геополітичної напруеи, переходом Європейського Союзу до політики «de-risking» і стратегічної автономії, а також зростаннм сек’юритизації торговельної, технологічної та інвестиційної політики, яка дедалі частіше пов’язує міжнародні потоки капіталу з питаннями стійкості, технологічного суверенітету та контролю над критично важливими активами. У статті розглянуті теоретичні засади інвестиційно зумовленої взаємозалежності та механізми, за допомогою яких капітал, що походить із ЄС, сприяє індустріальній модернізації Китаю, технологічному оновленню та розширенню інноваційного потенціалу в технологічно інтенсивних секторах. Особливу увагу приділено інституційному середовищу, що формує інвестиційні відносини між ЄС і Китаєм, а також структурним вразливостям, які можуть виникати внаслідок глибокої економічної інтеграції. До таких вразливостей належать поширення технологій подвійного призначення, транскордонна передача знань і формування залежностей у стратегічно важливих ланцюгах постачання, що можуть послаблювати економічну безпеку та стратегічну автономію ЄС. На основі емпіричних даних за період 1990–2024 рр. дослідження виявляє сильну позитивну асоціацію між притоком ПІІ з ЄС, динамікою зростання ВВП Китаю та показниками технологічного розвитку. Водночас аналіз свідчить, що тривале економічне зростання, підтримане іноземним капіталом, може опосередковано сприяти зростанню військових витрат Китаю та посиленню технологічних спроможностей із потенційними оборонними застосуваннями. Ці процеси підкреслюють ширші безпекові зовнішні ефекти, пов’язані з інвестиційною співпрацею у високотехнологічних та dual-use секторах. Отримані результати підтверджують необхідність посилення механізмів скринінгу іноземних інвестицій на рівні ЄС і впровадження ризик-орієнтованого, секторно специфічного підходу до управління ПІІ з метою поєднання економічної відкритості з безпековими міркуваннями в умовах зростання геополітичної конкуренції.
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