ВІРТУАЛЬНІ АКТИВИ В УКРАЇНІ: ОБЛІК, ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ТА ФІСКАЛЬНІ НАСЛІДКИ ЛЕГАЛІЗАЦІЇ РИНКУ
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Анотація
Актуальність дослідження зумовлена необхідністю пошуку шляхів наповнення державного бюджету й формування ефективної ставки оподаткування віртуальних активів в Україні в умовах цифрової трансформації економіки.
Метою роботи є оцінка потенційного фіскального ефекту від легалізації ринку віртуальних активів і розробка пропозицій щодо вдосконалення моделей їх оподаткування й обліку.
Основні результати дослідження базуються на порівняльному аналізі фіскального регулювання країн-лідерів (США, Індії, Японії), який засвідчив переваги диференційованого підходу над обмежувальним для детінізації ринку. Здійснено критичний аналіз Проєкту Закону № 10225-д, у ході якого виявлено адміністративні ризики та правові колізії.
Наукова новизна дослідження полягає у викладеному нижче.
1. Уперше розроблено прогнозну адитивну модель розрахунку податкових надходжень, яка враховує коефіцієнти податкової дисципліни та легалізації й призначена для оцінки ефектів майбутніх періодів. Оскільки ринок перебуває «в тіні» й точні базові показники невідомі, замість прямого прогнозування здійснено сценарне моделювання на основі ретроспективних даних 2023-2024 рр. Це дозволило апробувати працездатність моделі, наочно продемонструвати масштаб утраченого фіскального потенціалу та його гіпотетичний вплив на Державний бюджет.
2. Набув подальшого розвитку підхід до бухгалтерського обліку віртуальних активів у межах їх визнання нематеріальними активами для цілей тривалого утримання підприємствами нефінансового сектора. Базуючись на критеріях ідентифікації МСФЗ та НП(С)БО, автори розробили власну систему аналітичних субрахунків (154.1, 127.1, 746.1, 976.1) із визначенням їхнього дебетового та кредитового призначення, що дозволяє достовірно ідентифікувати активи в регістрах для управлінських і податкових цілей.
Основні висновки свідчать, що левова частка змодельованих надходжень матиме разовий характер за рахунок пільгової легалізації. Це вимагає від держави стратегічної переорієнтації з фіскального тиску на стимулювання розвитку інституційного сектора віртуальних активів для забезпечення сталих бюджетних надходжень у майбутньому. Також ідентифіковано гостру потребу в адаптації Плану рахунків підприємств у разі законодавчого закріплення віртуальних активів для забезпечення їх достовірного відображення в бухгалтерському обліку та фінансовій звітності.
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